Wireless and cellular communications are rapidly converging and it is clear that they will be the predominant access networks of the future. With ubiquitous computing and wireless sensor networks, embedding computation and communications into everyday objects further fueling the growth in wireless communications. Traffic will flow between devices, sensors and smart objects as well as users. Convergence today is primarily driven by the ever growing needs of demanding mobile users, services and applications. No single wireless technology can today meet high bandwidth, high mobility, wide coverage area and low cost simultaneously. The diversity in service demands by mobile users have to be met while the user seamlessly roams across heterogeneous wireless networks ensuring that the best access technology is available at all times. This poses great challenges for the seamless integration of radio technologies:

• Each radio access technology differs in cell size, from a few square meters to hundreds of kilometers with overlapping coverage areas;
• They employ different architectures and protocols for routing, transport and mobility management;
• They employ different authentication, key management and encryption schemes;
• Different service demands are made upon them by mobile users ranging from low-data-rate non real-time applications, to high-speed real-time multimedia applications.

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